The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari

The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Robert Wiene, the director of the film, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, combines fact and fiction in his expressionist film in effort to captivate his viewers. This film portrays the element of fantasy in that it has an imaginary realm. The film breaks the rules of realism. In the story everything is crooked and all the sets are painted. The people with authority are revealed in exaggerated high chairs; for example the police is shown sitting on one of the high chairs in the police station.Francis first turns away from reality after Allen has been murdered because of the psychological pain it causes. In order to cope with this, Francis fantasizes that he is not the target of blame for his best friend's murder by blaming Dr. Calgari. His fantasy extends to a point where he is seen as the hero by challenging Dr. Caligari and Cesare. Later on in the film, it is discovered that the dream work that Francis’s unconscious mind uses to produce this story is re lated to the Freudian dream analysis; he mechanisms and symbols to produce his fantasy.In addition, Dr. Caligari and Cesare are not real people; they are fragments of Francis' imagination and serve as objects used to place blame upon. The films ambiguous ending leaves the validity of Francis' story unknown because his illness is not explicitly confirmed. However, the Freudian theory shows that Francis has fantasized the entire story to satisfy his guilty mind.

Examining The Homelessness Among Youth In Canada Social Work Essay Example

Examining The Homelessness Among Youth In Canada Social Work Essay Example Examining The Homelessness Among Youth In Canada Social Work Essay Examining The Homelessness Among Youth In Canada Social Work Essay Homelessness among young person is a comprehensive, multi-faceted societal job in Canada. Roebuck.2008. Harmonizing to public wellness bureau ( 2007 ) the estimated official figure of stateless people in Canada ranges from 150,000 to 300,000, one tierce of which are young person of age 15 to 24 old ages. ( Stewart et al.2010 ) . Homelessness means life in out-of-doorss and in abandoned edifice with insecure state of affairs. ( Kisely et.al, 2008 ) . The factors that leads youth into homelessness are household disfunction, school related jobs, need for more freedom and poorness ; this issue is being addressed by the services that are available for them in the country of lodging, income and support services. ( Kisely, 2008 ) . This survey besides includes the critical analysis of policies relevant to youth homelessness, anti oppressive organizational construction for the marginalised young person and recommendations and suggestions to forestall young person into homelessness. The apprehensions about the homelessness among young person in Canada The most important ground that leads the immature people into homelessness is household disfunction. The household struggle may take the immature people into homelessness. This starts when young person have gone through emotional and physical struggle with their parents and besides some childs leave their place due to deficiency of fiscal support from their parent. ( Miller et al, 2008 ) . On the other manus, deficiency of household operation and support leads some young person into homelessness. Similarly, the situational factors like parental divorce or separation and decease of the parents besides make young person into a phase of homeless. Sometimes parent s intoxicant and drug ingestion may take young person in to homelessness status. ( Duroff,2004 ) . The hapless school public presentation is another ground for the young person who leaves their place. The premature departure of the school added to household struggle and the combination of these two factors leads them to go forth place. Furthermore, neglecting a class in school, and jobs with instructors or pupils besides leads some young person into homelessness. Based on my understanding deficiency of instruction create them barrier in happening occupation. Subsequently on it leads to extreme poorness and unemployment among the young person homeless. ( Miller et al, 2008 ) . A strong sense of independency is the primary factor some of the young person leads to homelessness. In some instances youth are like to remain their ain household but due to household struggle they like to remain off from the place. The desire for the more freedom sometimes youth leads into homelessness. And besides, parents over intervention to the young person s personal affairs may go the another ground for the young person to populate their place. ( Miler et al,2008 ) The fiscal crisis of the household or poorness of the household leads to some young person into homelessness. The deficiency of available lodging, limited employment chance, and deficient rewards besides leads youth into homelessness. Furthermore, deficiency of instruction sometimes creates barriers to youth find employment. The deficient stuff demands of the money take them into poorness. ( Miler et al,2008 ) . Homelessness among young person is a turning concern in full Canada. ( Stewart et al. 2010 ) . Eventhough Canadian authorities is offering some service to the young person homeless ; their support demands and support intervention penchant ever non fit with services available to them. ( Stewart et al. 2010 ) . Furthermore, youth homelessness are considered as vulnerable due to shortage of low-cost lodging, deficiency of employment or income, poorness, hapless physical or mental wellness, decreased authorities support, and force or maltreatment in the place. Stewart et al.2010 ( as cited in Campaign, 2009 ; Laird, 2007 ) Furthermore, the form of life manner brings them exposure to force, disregard, chronic poorness, physical and sexual maltreatment, offense, drug and intoxicant usage, unemployment, and societal isolation. ( Stewart et al 2010 as cited in Naboss et al. , 2004 ; Reid, Berman, A ; Forchuk, 2005 ) . Apart from that, the homeless young person frequently reported with unequ al societal relationships, struggle within their households, and exposure to force, condemnable equals, and opprobrious state of affairss. ( Stewart et al 2010 as cited in Haber A ; Toro, 2004 ; Reid et al. , 2005 ) . Therefore, the personal and structural grounds that contribute to subjugation to happen equal lodging for the young person should be addressed by anti oppressive attack of societal work pattern. Harmonizing to Martin ( 2002 ) one of the major grounds that leads immature people into homelessness is lack of normal activities has to make with a deficiency of preparedness and ability to seek and happen paid employment. ( Klodawsky et al.2006 ) . The homelessness young person most of the clip does nt demo much involvement to make any sort of physical activity due to miss of cognition, accomplishment and involvement. The deficiency of formal support contributes major challenges among stateless young person. In the most of the clip homeless young person shows withdraw from the societal web. This creates them barriers to cognize about the services available for them. The homelessness young person barriers to seeking services include denial jobs, force per unit area to focal points on basic resources such as nutrient, vesture and shelter, fright of non been taken as earnestly, concerns about the confidentiality, and deficiency of cognition about available services. In malice of all available services still they face disagreements in available and needed service ( Stewart et al, 2010 ) . The lodging support helps the young person to remain in a safe state of affairs. The homelessness young person betterment needed in shelters including extra beads, a place like environment, less contending among themselves and caring staff. The income support helps them to derive fiscal support. Most of the young person needed fiscal demands is for the educational disbursal. Furthermore, most the homelessness young person needed information about the support services in the country of returning to school, accomplishment preparation, acquiring a occupation, budgeting, and seeking guidance. By and large, the support service for the homelessness helps the young person to get the better of the state of affairs they are populating now. ( Stewart et al, 2010 ) . The strength and restriction of the societal policy for young person homelessness The societal policies are necessary for the homeless young person to rectify systemic and historic inequalities they are confronting in the society. The societal policy is of import to homeless young person to get the better of the systemic barriers they are confronting in the low-cost and unafraid lodging, deficiency of income or income support services, and support services. ( Hulchanski et al, 2009 ) . In Canada the policies related to homelessness young person include lodging policies and plan which include tenant protection act and rent addendum units, exigency shelter policies, income aid, deinstitutionalisation, societal services and discharge of policies from correctional installations. ( Ministry of societal development and economic security,2001 ) . The societal hosing plans provide lodging for the persons and households who are unable to vie in the lodging market. ( Ministry of societal development and economic security,2001 ) . The societal lodging plan gives benefit to the homeless young person to happen better topographic point to populate but the deficient supply of lodging due to miss of new rental building and destruction of bing low-cost rental unit are make them less handiness to the societal hosing. The loss of important figure of low-cost rental units resulted to tenant protection act. In Canada the most of the renter and land Godheads are covered by this policy. Harmonizing to this act a rental unit can be an flat, a house, or a room in a rooming or embarkation house. And the act besides can use to care places and retirement places. ( Government of Ontario, 2010 ) . The chief review about this act is that most of the clip renter wants to pay foremost and last month wage and it create barrier to youth to use this chan ce because of deficient money. The lodging cooperation of Ontario has portfolio of rent addendum unit in a private edifice ; these units are available for the low income families. The rent addendum is a fiscal support straight paid to set down Godhead by probationary authorities. The chief review about this policy is eligibility standards of adjustment need the cogent evidence of Canadian residence and most of the homeless young person do nt hold any papers to turn out their residence. ( Ministry of societal development and economic security,2001 ) . In Canada, the absence of lasting lodging for the hazard population exigency shelter policies for the stateless population. Harmonizing to this act the constabulary can utilize force to oblige the homeless people to utilize shelters particularly extreme whether qui vive. The exigency lodging should non supply lasting lodging options for the homelessness young person. Harmonizing to homelessness action undertaking force in Toronto, some of stateless people are utilizing shelter as lasting lodging these creates the handiness of the beds less. Due to miss of privateness some homeless youth do nt prefer to remain in the shelter. The chief review about this act is the exigency shelters opposed to the development of lasting lodging solution for the young person. ( Ministry of societal development and economic security, 2001 ) . There are batch of income aid services are available for the individual who are populating in the street. The homelessness individual individual is eligible to have $ 195 per month, on a month by month footing. These services are available for the person who are populating in the most vulnerable state of affairs. Homeless young person who are remaining in a shelter would non be eligible for income aid because it is assumed that their demands would be fulfilled in the shelter. The chief review about this policy is that the eligibility standard for the income aid create barriers to the childs particularly the age group of 16 and 17. This makes many young persons to turn into illegal or uninvited beginning of income. ( Ministry of societal development and economic security, 2001 ) . The deinstitutionalisation policy offered by the probationary authorities after the dramatic diminution of mental wellness beds in the psychiatric infirmaries in Ontario. The deinstitutionalisation policy offers community based mental wellness services and dependence service for the homeless people. Deinstitutionalization is frequently credited with the lessening demand of medical attention and besides it is the new beginning of psychiatric attention. The deinstitutionalization procedure is together with the deficit of community-based attention and related to the seeable jobs ofA homelessness. The major review about this policy is that due to miss of social interaction most of the homeless people are non cognizant about the mental wellness issues they are holding and the services available for them. ( Ministry of societal development and economic security, 2001 ) . The societal service policies are assisting the persons, who are insecurely housed to maintain their lodging and give aid to the people who became homelessness. Normally these services are given by instance directors, lodging workers, and different type of people who are working in the societal and lodging sector. The societal service bureaus are giving referral service to the homelessness young person to happen appropriate services harmonizing to their immediate demands. Harmonizing to societal service strategy, the homelessness young person are acquiring employment accomplishment preparation and accomplishment development plan but due to budget cut many of these plans are cancelled by the societal service bureaus. The one of critical impact of this policy is that most of the clip homelessness young person shows less involvement for the accomplishment development. ( Ministry of societal development and economic security, 2001 ) . The discharge policies from the correctional installations help the homelessness young person find exigency shelters upon their release. This policy is made available to the people who are being released from the probationary correctional installations. It ensured the people they have a topographic point to travel in the community. The discharge policy is authorised with the status of release of the individual from the gaol. However, the authorized individual could non oblige the individual who already finished their sentence to travel in an exigency inn. Furthermore, the discharge program is accessed by all wrongdoers who are about to return the community. The major review of this policy is that most of the clip the immature wrongdoers do nt prefer to populate once more in an institutionalized scene. ( Ministry of societal development and economic security, 2001 ) . The strength and restriction of the anti oppressive societal work pattern Anti oppressive attack is a signifier of societal work pattern to turn to the structural inequalities and societal division of the people who are populating in a peculiar societal system. It tries to alter organizational construction and people attitude about the peculiar issue. ( Mullaly, 2010 ) . An anti-oppressive model involves several cardinal overarching dogmas: consciousness of the mechanisms of subjugation, domination and unfairness ; recognition of the structural elements at drama in human behavior ; credence of diverseness and difference ; acknowledgment of the complexness of power ; and necessity for action. ( Karabanow, 2004 as cited in Campbell, 2000 ) . In the anti oppressive attack the homelessness among young person can be addressed by vicinity development, societal development, active engagement, structural definition of the state of affairs, consciousness elevation and societal action. ( Karabanow, 2004 ) . In the anti oppressive attack, the societal development helps the individual to turn to their demands in a corporate manner. The administration that works based on the anti oppressive attack do non look for the street young person s aberrant behavior such as condemnable behavior and drug nut on the contrary, it works for the holistic development of the individual. The holistic attack helps the young person to larn values and respect themselves and others. Furthermore, through the societal development attack an administration can do better understanding about the issues related to youth homelessness. The anti oppressive attack helps the young person to construct self individuality and strength to alter things in their life. ( Karabanow, 2004 ) The active engagement based on the anti oppressive attack helps the young person to plan and implement the shelter program which include youth resident represent the commissions responsible for shelter policy. Furthermore, there are several place available for street young person in the administration particularly the countries of ego aid, common assistance group, peer mentoring and cooking. Engagement within the administration helps the young person to understand mainstream civilization. The active engagement in the administration ever associated with the credence and regard which make the marginalised young person experiencing worthy and being needed. The active engagement represent both street young person and workers to fall in together to build a common vision and way for the administration. ( Karabanow, 2004 ) The anti oppressive administration s chief penetration is to do balance between the populations self constructed images about homelessness young person. The structural attack helps the administration to believe that the societal, political and economic factors of the young person force them into street life. The endurance of the most young person on the street is due to miss of low-cost and clean houses and equal employment. The anti oppressive administrations ever admit the street activities alternatively of knocking the street behavior because the administrations place them within the big context of development and exploitation. ( Karabanow, 2004 ) The witting raising aid the young person to portion past, present and future ends and experience in echt mode. Through the consciousness raising a young person can portion see to others and connect with deeper apprehension of peculiar issue. In the anti oppressive pattern, witting raising involve an confidant and in-depth geographic expedition of one s action through a procedure of cognition edifice, committedness and solidarity. ( Karabanow, 2004 p.56 ) . Furthermore, for the portion of consciousness raising a individual can critically self reflect about the state of affairs they are confronting now. Consciousness raising come out as an intimate procedure of researching, accepting and finally retracing the thoughts of one s yesteryear, present and future orientation. ( Karabanow, 2004 p.56 ) . The anti oppressive administrations promote safe community scenes where marginalised young person can construct and reconstruct a sense of individuality, worth, and understanding of their imme diate environments. ( Karabanow, 2004 p.56 ) . In the anti oppressive model an administration move a measure farther to protagonism for the anomic and stigmatised people. Social action involves a committedness to the cardinal alteration in the society on the signifier of equal intervention for the marginalised young person. The societal action enterprises includes when the street young person to petitioning in the probationary leaders to increase the figure of low-cost lodging and youth employment. Through the societal action motion, the service users and service suppliers try to accomplish specific ends based on the common demands of the population. Based on the anti oppressive attack societal action is sense of committedness and trust for the societal development. Through the societal action the marginalised group besides can take part in the social activities. ( Karabanow, 2004 ) The anti oppressive attacks help the administration to construct safe and respectful environment for the marginalised populations. Furthermore it helps the marginalised young person to place the grass root of the job and the structural inequalities they are confronting in the society. The anti oppressive pattern at the structural degree attempts to alter intuitional agreements, societal procedure and societal pattern that work together to profit the dominant group at the disbursal of low-level group. ( Mullay,2010 ) . The anti oppressive is utile to place systemic inequalities, favoritism, and force faced by marginalised young person based on their gender, age, race, poorness, disablement, sexual orientation, in-migration or Aboriginal position. Furthermore the anti oppressive attack is really utile to understand how these types of structural inequalities make possibility to youth become homeless. The anti oppressive societal work pattern is necessary for reconceptualise the thought of power. ( Mullaly, 2010 ) . This aid the marginalised young person to recognize that how age and poorness create them barrier to happen appropriate lodging. The anti oppressive patterns in the structural degree help the marginalised young person to happen alternate services and administration. Harmonizing to these services marginalised stateless young person can link stateless people in the mainstream administration. The mainstream administration helps them to happen equal solution to the job in a corporate response. The corporate response ever gives immediate response to the job. ( Mullaly, 2010. ) The recommendations and suggestions for the homelessness young person The four primary recommendation to cut downing the homelessness among young person of includes physique on the young persons optimism and finding through the development of equal webs ; mobilise and back up involvement in instruction and employment through contacts with employers ; support ties to household, including extended household or households of pick when available ; and utilize current life agreements or make life agreements which can ease instruction and employment. ( Miller etal, ,2008 ) The hopefulness is really of import for the young person to derive strength to mind.. Building strength is really of import among the homelessness young person because the surveies conducted by Millier et Al 2008 shows that to remain longer as homelessness made them stay as homelessness. The strength can construct among homelessness young person through guidance in the school, shelters and other and other societal service bureaus and besides to the young person support group and webs. The most of the homeless young person see their state of affairs is impermanent and expression for the hereafter development, this shows the clear demand of the edifice the sense of optimism and finding among young person particularly in the countries of instruction and happening a occupation. ( Miller etal, ,2008 ) The administration that works for the homelessness should back up and mobilise the young person to derive involvement in instruction and employment. The deficiency of instruction creates employment barriers to the young person but the portion clip work helps them to go on their instruction. The marginalised young person is looking to better their ability to work through instruction. This shows necessity of the guidelines for youth employment appropriate schooling and preparation. Furthermore, the alternate schooling option besides helps the young person to fulfill their expressed demands in the instruction. This shows the clear demand of more educational grants and subsidies for the marginalised young person. ( Miller etal, ,2008 ) A support tie with household is really of import for the marginalised young person. The household disfunctions are one of the major grounds for the young person to go forthing their place. Family and friends are able to supply aid in the adjustments, fiscal and emotional support. Generally youth has lots friends in the assortment of Fieldss. The household guidance is really of import to forestall homelessness among young person. Through the household reding the worker can forestall household systems break down in the first topographic point. ( Miller etal, ,2008 ) The life agreement and support service for instruction and employment is the most of import wanted thing for the young person homelessness. The current life agreement creates barriers to youth in instruction and finding employment. And some of the marginalised young person think that life or socializing with similar issue holding equals is non favorable for their development. They besides express similar concern in the shelter system. On the other manus, the marginalised young person express to populate in a both positive and supportive environment. This can carry through by the authorities through development of adolescent plan that offer alternate life agreement and positive equal groups through Foster or group places. ( Stewart et al, 2010 ) Hosing is the cardinal right of the human being. The chief recommendation of this survey is to better lodging installations for the young person. Homelessness sometimes leads to the offending and exploitation. The authorities besides should set up societal and income support services for the young person. Through the guidance service the worker can steer the homeless into proper path. Furthermore authorities should pass more money for the societal service who are giving services for the young person. The support cutbacks ever affect the service bureau to supply equal services for the young person. And besides federal authorities besides organise some support services for the young person homeless. ( Stewart et al, 2010 ) . Decision The community based attacks is necessary for the homeless young person to fulfill their demands particularly in the countries of lodging, income, and support. The positive attitude of the societal service bureau helps the young person to come out of the state of affairs they are populating now. Furthermore the alternate service of the bureau, particularly in the country of skill preparation and alternate schooling besides help the young person to get the better of the systemic barriers they are confronting in the society.

Tapping into Local Businesses for Writing Work

Tapping into Local Businesses for Writing Work Heres an optimistic thought: writing is a necessary part of every business. You read that right. Every business – big and small – has the need for written language. More good news: most businesses dont have a full-time or even part-time writer on staff. Hint: heres where you come in. Local businesses need your skills. They just dont know it yet. Its up to you to tell them. Identifying potential clients First you have to find them. Take a walk or a drive and make a note of locally-owned businesses in your town and the writing needs they might have. Browse the Yellow Pages online at yp.com. Identify potential clients Compiling your information Once youve identified potential businesses, its time to give them something – for free. Im not advocating you work for free. Instead, put together a brochure or letter that includes helpful writing-related information: how email newsletters benefit businesses, ways to generate social media content or writing for your target audience. Then remind them of your skills and availability. Use a bulleted list to show the plethora of writing tasks you can take off their shoulders. Be sure to include website, social media and blog entries along with brochures, letters, press releases, newsletters, ad copy, etc. Include contact options – email, website, social media and phone number. Make communicating with you convenient for them. End your piece with a thank you. Its just courteous and polite. Method of contact You can reach out in a number of ways, depending on the business. Start Social media is another way to keep in touch with potential clients. Ditto that for your website. I also suggest utilizing the old-fashioned way: snail mail. This isnt a mass mailing. You want to choose a dozen, perhaps two dozen businesses to target. Snail mail provides prospective clients with something physical to hold – and hopefully keep – until they have the need to contact you. Wait about three months and follow-up with a similar message. Repeat after another three months. Think quarterly contact. You want to establish yourself as a consistent presence, but not a nuisance. Potential clients arent going to need your services immediately, but they will eventually. When they do, whom will they think of? The nice writer whos been sending free and helpful information. Free press Consider doing pro bono work for a charitable organization that can give you free press. I do this for a local foundation that has a quarterly newsletter where my logo is printed in every issue. Ive been utilizing this technique for years and have worked on a variety of jobs for a variety of businesses: Coffee shop – menu writing Insurance company – quarterly newsletter Locally-owned bank – ad copy School district – referendum campaign Gift shop  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ catalog descriptions Medical clinic – ghostwriting a monthly medical column Library – website copy Grocery store – social media presence Home builder – sales brochures Not-for-profit organization – annual report Local charity – letter to potential donors Bed and breakfast – radio ads Mayoral candidate – door hangers and press releases Legal firm – blog posts And the list goes on. These were all paying gigs. Ive found once a business is aware of your skills and the convenience you provide theyre likely to hire you again for future jobs. Theres another optimistic thought.

Virtual Learning Environments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Virtual Learning Environments - Research Paper Example These learning tools are taken into consideration primarily because they fulfill the standards for a Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) by virtue of their usability and functionality. However, the evaluation of these learning tools is quite different in their methodologies. Evaluation can be done by considering several key components including the easiness of utilization, extensibility, distribution, maintainability, interactivity, functionality such as E-tutoring, security issues, service management, ease of interface and simplicity of accessibility features and the extent of using such tools in Higher Education. The application server of Blackboard works on Windows and Unix platforms in association with a cross-platform browser support for Windows, Macintosh and Unix settings. One of the most important features, which I have noticed while using this learning tool is that, is of course to include the support for IMS. While considering the flexibility system, the provision of contribution by Blackboard application as a learning tool is quite up to the mark especially with its easy-to-use interface. Conversely, the interface may attribute to some debatable aspects considering its applicability in practice as I find it beneficial with a steady and dependable interface while some consider it as a restriction or constraint and having limited option to interact as such. However, the Blackboard learning tool has a significant implication in the segment of Higher Education with high-end and highly-developed components like training materials and workshop templates such as Netskills. The learning tool Desire2Learn is considered as having the potential to be used as a course-delivery device in the regime of Higher Education. An evaluation was conducted to assess the potentiality in relation to increasing popularity and use. A user of Desire2Learn does not require downloading any application; rather the company's server consists of all the required software in order to support their LMS platform with an exception of JAVA as it is used under the license. This product environment provides to create conferences for the members within a class-setting or its sub-groups. It also supports basic chat function in association with HTML based chat tool. When conferences are prepared in order to proclaim an individual course, new conferences can easily be accommodated for consecutive declarations of the course. A user has the privilege to edit or modify a thread and can control the access option for a user or user group at different levels. The threaded messages can be seen in clear and user may perform search option and may be able to find out results sorted by date, topic, and sender. There are other significant features too e.g., incorporate saving, printing, editing and deleting of postings. D2L uses a 'learning storage' approach that let the users to store objects like pages, graphics and test-item banks, etc., and it is XML standard-based. These objects can be shared across several courses or programs. A context-sensitive help aspect endows with help on each one of the most important tools. The product is in accordance with the most important standards of course-sharing globally that is counting SCORM and IMS, and assembles global standards for the right to use.

The Online Shopping Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Online Shopping Environment - Essay Example The three elements that have been used to deliver desired consumer experience in online fashion retail include navigability, atmospherics, and interactivity. The interaction of the three elements has shaped the online fashion-shopping environment. Analysing the interaction of three elements is essential because consumers are considering multi-channel retailing in fashion. Online fashion shopping environment offers all the design cues and multi-channels the consumers want. Search classification utilizes Sitemaps, search engines, Search by name, style or look to engage consumers online (Flavian, Gurrea and Orà ºs, 2009). Search classification is used for finding a product in any e-commerce business platform (Kim, Fiore and Lee, 2007). Online fashion environment is utilizing the consumer’s usability of the sites to increase sales. The journey of a consumer begins within they log in the online stores. Searching classification utilizes keywords related to fashion, and image links that can be accessed through top search engines (Childers et al., 2001). For example, ASOS has used the successful product tagging method of search classification to increase consumer usability and help to convert the visitations into successful sales (Jones and Silverstein, 2009). Product information details, zooming option for images, and 2D and 3D product viewing give rise to the ultimate interactive viewing. The online shopping environment in the fashion retail industry is using interactive technologies to create a seamless journey between the stores and consumers (Sullivan and Adcock, 2002). The rise of online and multichannel fashion retailing is focused on offering in-store consumer experience that is in touch with shopping patterns of the consumers. Smartphones, iPads, customized fashion shows and in-built touch screens have been introduced to give the customer a virtual shopping experience before actual purchasing (Tapscott, 2009).

Cognarive and behavioral therapy for physically abused kids in low Coursework

Cognarive and behavioral therapy for physically abused kids in low income areas - Coursework Example Question 2: Did you find any outcomes that opposed your expectations or the expectations of the researchers? How might this information change your thinking about your proposed intervention? If not, what did you find that was surprising and or challenged your assumptions? No outcomes opposed my expectations or the expectations of researchers although it was surprising to find that although there is a relatively high number of clinicians skilled in the use of TF-CBT in the United States, a comparatively low number is putting the components into play despite previous studies showing that TF-CBT components were evidently productive. The level of success in Community-based participatory examination ideologies applied in Zambia was also unexpected but positively welcomed. Question 3: Did you include qualitative research in your review? If so, was there a clear statement of the aims of the research and did it seek to illuminate subjective experiences/actions of participants? Was the research design appropriate to address those aims (Questions adapted from Canadian National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools NCCMT 2010)? I also included a qualitative review, an incidence I found particularly sufficient in addressing the aims of the research. Drawing on the findings, it is clear that the research seeks to shed a light on the subjective experiences the participants incurred. More so, this research design would suffice in addressing the aims of the overall research. Cary, C. E., & McMillen, J. C. (2012). The data behind the dissemination: A systematic review of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for use with children and youth.  Children and Youth Services Review,  34(4), 748-757. Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., & Deblinger, E. (2014). Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. In  Evidence-Based Approaches for the Treatment of Maltreated Children  (pp. 165-185). Springer Netherlands. Murray, L. K.,

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay This report was written in the pursuit of creating a suitable wing box structure for AMYE, in which a suitable design for the structure has been researched. As a result of the design study on wing box loading cases and requirements imposed on the concept, a finished structure plan has been created. The finished design structure has been created in recognition of design criteria calling for a wing box able of carrying a 2.5kN bending load without any buckling, and a 5kN bending load before failure as final parameters. The analytical study of all options of design has shown how the number of stringers, stiffeners, and geometrical rivet spacing can all be used to vary and tailor the wing box structure in order to meet design parameters. The conclusion of the report is that in order to meet requirements to the fullest extent and simultaneously not have any over-design present in the structure, a dimensioned wing box plan has been formulated. Summarising, the wing box has 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate, 2 spar webs and a rivet spacing of 30 mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. Introduction Part of a wing box design, construction and testing process, this report will focus on a final wing box design for the AMYE company. The AMYE company has issued a request for a wing box design for one of their aircraft. This report will provide information on such a design. The design report will be influenced by findings done in the literacy report. AMYE will focus on designs meeting their needs and financial possibilities. Therefore, this report will provide information on the wing box design and choices made to come to this design. The report also meets AMYEs request for a construction proposal. There are certain requirements for the design of the wing box. This report contains a basic design as well as our own input to meet all the needs of the client. The goal is to make a basic design meeting all the requirements and then adding our own design choices making the design better in a way of for example lower weight, or lower production costs. There will also be a production plan cut out. Structure of the report is as follows. As in any design project, requirements are formulated first. After discussion of a number of key concepts, design is made based on calculations. From this design a construction plan is made, followed by a weight and cost estimation, which is to be reported to AMYE. Design Requirements Design of any aircraft component is based on the requirements imposed on the part. For the wing box load bearing capabilities AMYE has set clear requirements, being (Brugemann et all, 2010): The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 2,5 kN without buckling. The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 5,0 kN without failure. Buckling is allowed at this extreme situation. The design must be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. The number of stingers and rivets must therefore be kept as low as possible. It has to be taken into account that a structure that can withstand much higher loads than the 5 kN failure load is overdesigned. The wing box should have at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin, in order to avoid buckling in a reverse situation since landing causes compression in the lower skin of the wing box. Besides restrictions on load bearing capabilities, outer dimensions of the wing box have also been given. When these dimensions arent stuck to, proper testing is not possible and the design will be rejected. Dimensional restrictions are found in appendix A. (GENERAL DIAGRAM) Key concepts Throughout this report references will be made to a few key concepts. These concepts are discussed and explained below. Moment of inertia In order to calculate bending stress the moment of inertia is computed. The moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis is calculated through a variety of steps. First the position of the centroid without any attached stiffeners is calculated, together with effect of added stiffeners on the centroids position. This is done in excel in order to compute variable combinations to find the optimum in different configurations. The position for the centroid in vertical direction is given by where A is surface area in the cross section and y is the distance of a components centroid to a certain reference point (usually y=0). The moment of inertia is then calculated using the formula: In this formula dy is the distance between centroid and the centroid of the component. For rectangular shaped objects, as found in the wing box cross section, the formula the moment of inertia is as follows: The total moment of inertia is found by the summing the individual moments of inertia of each part of the wing box. The stringers are assumed to be made up of two perpendicular rectangles for purpose of calculations. The base shape of the wing box is assumed to be made of four individual rectangles, with stringers used in the four corners to hold the sheets together as shown [IMAGE REFERENCE]. The finished model has a change in moment of inertia as we add and subtract stringers to the top or the bottom of our structure. Thus by adding stringers to our model, we increase the moment of inertia of our structure and thus our structure is able to cope with higher loads. Compression shear buckling coefficients In order to relate sheet geometry and critical buckling stress, buckling coefficients are needed. Two coefficients are distinguished: compression buckling coefficient KC and shear buckling coefficient KS. Both coefficients vary with the ratio width:height (in which width>height) and clamping states of the sides of the area. Three clamping states are distinguished: clamped, hinged and free. From combinations of these clamping states different situations are created. For a wing box, shear buckling coefficient is used on web plates and compression buckling coefficient is used in the upper skin. On the web plates all stiffeners are assumed to be hinged supports. The connections to the upper and lower skin are considered clamped. This results in situations 2 for areas between stiffeners and situation A for outer areas, as shown in figure 2. Since the value of KS is bigger for A than for 2, all areas can be considered number 2 when considering failure (Brugemann et all, 2010). On the upper skin all connections to the clamps, spars and web plates are considered fixed as supports are deemed heavy and strong enough. Connections to stringers are considered hinged. This leads to situation 3 and 5 for the upper skin, as shown in figure 1 (Brugemann et all, 2010). Figures 1 and 2, showing the clamping states of the upper skin(1) and web plates(2) Loads As stated the wing box will be tested for tip loading. An illustration for such a tip load is shown in figure 3, with the tip load drawn in red. Resultant forces as shown in blue and green. Figure 3: A tip force (red) and resultant shear and normal forces From statics it is known that shear forces will be induced in the web plates of the torsion box to provide equilibrium of forces in y-direction. To provide moment equilibrium a force couple will act in the upper and lower skin, causing the former to be in compression and latter to be in tension (Wright Cooper, 2007). Shear force The approach taken to compute the number of stiffeners required on each web plate is as follows. First the forces which have to be dealt with by the web plates will be computed. After this the number of stiffeners required to cope with these forces without buckling will be calculated. The magnitude of the shear force in the web plates can be computed from equilibrium of moment around the y-axis, which states that the shear forces in the web plates are equal. Since the two shear forces together must equal P for equilibrium each shear force is equal to  ½P. From mechanics it is known that shear stress is shear force over area. Given that the web plates have a thickness t and a height of 2h we know the formula for the shear stress (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in the given values of P=2500N, h=75mm and t=0,8mm we find à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 10,42 MPa. However, at this point sweep of the wing hasnt been taken into account yet. The influence of wing sweep on the shear stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾(0à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 10,42MPa gives à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 13,89 MPa . This is the shear stress the web plates of the wing box should be able to cope with without buckling. Now progress can be made to computing the number of stiffeners. Knowing the value of shear stress to be dealt with, a look at the shear stress at which plate buckling occurs is needed. The formula for the initial buckling stress is as follows (Brugemann et all, 2010): In which KS is the shear buckling coefficient, E is the E-modulus of the material used, t is the thickness of the material used and b is the stringer pitch. For the placement of the stiffeners the two web plates of the wing box have to be considered individually, since both differ in length. Since the wing box during testing is clamped over 110mm and 60mm the first web plate has an effective length of 1099 mm and the second an effective length of 1330mm. The stringer pitch can then be computed by dividing web plate length by the number of intervals on the plate. At this point the reader is referred to the key concept of the shear buckling coefficient, where the determination of the buckling situation is done. This assessment is used for determining the KS coefficient. The following table can be made up for various numbers of stiffeners on the shorter web plate: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 549,5 3,663333 8,4 1,289028 2 366,3333333 2,442222 8,8 3,038424 3 274,75 1,831667 9,4 5,769936 4 219,8 1,465333 9,8 9,399164 5 183,1666667 1,221111 10,3 14,22535 6 157 1,046667 10,8 20,30219 7 137,375 0,915833 8 122,1111111 0,814074 A similar table can be made up for the longer web plate of length 1330mm: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 665 4,433333 8,3 0,869668 2 443,3333333 2,955556 8,6 2,027478 3 332,5 2,216667 9 3,772053 4 266 1,773333 9,35 6,123037 5 221,6666667 1,477778 9,7 9,147228 6 190 1,266667 10,2 13,09217 7 166,25 1,108333 10,6 17,77056 8 147,7777778 0,985185 Comparing the values in the tables with the given shear stress of 13,89 MPa shows us that the shorter web plate will require five stiffeners and the longer web plate will require seven stiffeners. Normal forces The second reaction forces in the wing box to be taken into account are the normal forces in the upper and lower skin. The same approach is to be taken as in determining the number of stiffeners. First loads to be dealt with are determined, then the number of stringers is to be determined. The normal force at an arbitrary point of the wing box can be computed from the formula (Brugemann et all, 2010): In this formula M(x) is the internal moment at position x, y is the distance from the wing box neutral axis to position x and I is the moment of inertia of the wing box cross section. First the lower skin of the wing box will be considered. As stated previously, this plate is loaded in tension. A quick calculation will show the lower plate does not require any stringers. Assuming the load of 2500N is applied at the tip of the wing the moment at the wing root is 3,75 ÃÆ'- 106 Nmm. Given that the distance between the couple of forces in the lower skin and upper skin is 150mm, the tension and compression forces in the top and bottom skin are 25000N. To obtain the stress, force is divided by area (400mm width and 0,8 mm height) and a value of 78,125Mpa is found, some way under the yield strength of 345 MPa. However, to comply with requirement four, one stringer will be placed in the middle of the lower skin. To compute the allowable normal stress in the upper skin the assumption is made at this point that five stringers will be used in the upper skin. This results in a moment of inertia I of 6852580 mm4 for the wing box cross section and a distance y = 64,1mm. This assumption is to be checked later. Given the moment at the wing root, the distance y and the moment of inertia I the normal stress in the upper plate is à Ã†â€™CR = 35,08 MPa at most. Just as with the maximum shear force, wing sweep plays a role according to: Filling in the formula gives à Ã†â€™(30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 46,77 MPa. This is the stress from which onwards buckling is allowed. Now a look is to be taken at the number of stringers. It is assumed two spar webs will be equally spaced over 1330 mm, resulting in a spar web pitch of 443,33mm. Critical stress is determined for some numbers of stringers. This critical stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Given all this data the following table can be made: Number of Stringers Stringer Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Kc (5) [-] Kc (3) [-] à Ã†â€™ (5) [Mpa] à Ã†â€™ (3) [Mpa] 1 200 2,16665 4,2 5,65 4,86528 6,54496 2 133,3333333 3,249975 3,8 5,25 9,90432 13,6836 3 100 4,3333 3,65 5,1 16,91264 23,63136 4 80 5,416625 3,6 5 26,064 36,2 5 66,66666667 6,49995 3,6 5 37,53216 52,128 6 57,14285714 7,583275 3,6 5 51,08544 70,952 The table shows six stringers equally spaced over the width of the wing box will prevent the upper skin from buckling. To double check we compute the moment of inertia of a wing box with six stringers (6770446 mm4) and the value for y (61,9mm). Filling in these values in the formula gives a normal compressive stress of 45,7 MPa, a value smaller than the allowable stress. Concluding, six stringers will be used in the upper skin. Inter rivet buckling An important aspect to keep into consideration when testing is inter rivet buckling, as this phenomenon causes almost instant failure. Therefore the rivets should be able to cope with the internal loads of the wing box at 5000N. Since rivet buckling only occurs in a state of compression, only the upper sheet is considered. Failure will occur when our wing box cannot withstand the maximum stress. To calculate the maximum stress, formula 7 is used. Again the sweep must be taken into account, so using formula 8: This is the maximum stress the wing box has to handle. Looking at this value we know that the aluminium will not fail because the yield stress of aluminium is 345 MPa. So the wing box will fail at the rivets. If the wing box is designed to withstand a tip load of 5 kN, then the rivets have to withstand a stress of 91,43 MPa. Inter rivet distance and inter rivet buckling stress are related through (Brugemann et all, 2010): à Ã†â€™MAX = In this formula c gives the end-fixity coefficient, which has a value of 2,1 for the pop-rivets to be used. Parameter s gives the spacing between rivets and t is the skin thickness. Rewriting this formula for s gives So with a c = 2,1, t = 0,8mm, E = 72400 MPa and a = 130.1MPa the spacing between two rivets becomes 30,95 mm. However, assembly precision only goes as far a whole millimetres, so for the simplification of fabrication the inter rivet spacing is set at s = 30 mm. Final design Summarizing, key aspects of our wing box are as follows. Width and height of the box are 400mm and 150mm respectively. The longer side of the wing box measures 1500mm and the shorter side 1269mm, with the deficit in length being caused by a 30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° cutaway at one end. On the shorter web plate, five stringers will be spaced equally over a distance of 1099mm, spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. On the longer web plate, seven stringers will be equally positioned over a distance of 1330mm, again spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. Inside the wing box, two spar webs will be positioned at a distance of 503,3mm and 946,66mm from the perpendicular edge. Through these spar webs one additional stringer will run over the bottom sheet and six additional stringers will run over the upper sheet, each spaced equally over the full width of the wing box. Finally, construction will be done through riveting, with the rivets being spaced 30mm from each other. TECHNICAL DRAWING ARE FOUND IN APPENDIX B. Failure modes One of the most important things in this wing design is knowing how and when the box will fail. Of course there are different failure modes and all of them have to be taken in to account. An important note: fatigue is not considered yet. The most important failure modes are described below. All the modes are considered for the design. It is necessary to know with stresses are in the design and at which stresses the design will fail, in order to make a good design. Also sweep has been taking into account, as stated in the design. According to J. Loughlan (1996) it is important to know where the stiffeners are. If the stiffeners are placed beyond the optimum value, then they have no function. The stiffeners then simply add weight, without having a function. Loughlan also states that adding a four percent of weight for stiffeners, causes a box to yield a buckling capacity that is three times higher than the buckling capacity of an unstiffened box. Nagendra et al (1994)experienced that all panels, with our without holes, always fail at or near the stiffeners, at places with high bending gradients. Allow a skin to buckle has weight advantages with respect to the non-buckling designs (Lynch, 2004) Compression skin buckling of the top skin The upper skin is loaded in compression due to the bending moment. The bending moment differs with the distance to the wing tip. Thus if the bending moment is too high, buckling will occur. To prevent this, stiffeners and stringers are placed in the design. As stated the allowable skin stress at which buckling occurs is given by formula 9. Kc can differ for each part of the box. Six stringers are used on the top side, with a Kc-value of 3,6 at line number 5. This means that the top skin can cope with a 51,08 Mpa stress without buckling, while the calculated maximum stress that will occur is 45,7 MPa. Shear Buckling of the spar webs Another failure mode is shear buckling of the spar webs. This occurs at the parts that should reinforce the design, the spar webs. In other words, when those reinforcements fail, the whole structure will fail. The initial buckling stress is given in formula 6. Line number 2 is used, with Ks having a value of 10,6 for the longer web plate(7 stiffeners used). This gives a shear stress of 17,77 Mpa where the longer web plate can cope with. For the shorter web plate a Ks of 10,3 is used( 5 stiffeners). So the shorter web plate can cope with a stress of 14,225 MPa. Both calculated values are higher than the shear stress in the plates (13,89 MPa). Since the shear stress is constant in the all the whole web plates, in this case it is most likely to fail at the shorter web plate. Inter rivet buckling Inter rivet buckling occurs at a high compression stress. Its possible to calculate the stress at which it occurs as given by formula 10. Since the space between the rivets is unknown and can be varied, this probably will the most important failure mode. As stated before the maximum compression stress in the whole structure is 91,422 MPa. This gives a rivet spacing of 30,95 mm. To make sure inter rivet buckling does not occur, 30mm spacing is used. The failure stress will then be 97,3 MPa. So thats the value at which it fails. 97,3MPa/ (4/3) = 72,979 Mpa gives a tip force of 5321N at which inter rivet buckling will occur. Allowable tension stress in the lower skin The upper skin is not the only side that can fail, logically. Thus the lower skin has to be taken in to account as well. The lower skin is loaded in tension. The stress can be calculated using formula 7. The centroid lies, due to the stringers 13,1mm above the neutral axis. The point where the maximum stress will occur is closest to the root, since there the largest moment occurs. The maximum stress in the lower skin is then -(5000ÃÆ'-1500ÃÆ'-(74+13.1))/6770446 = 97,5968 MPa. Taking sweep into account this gives a value of (4/3)ÃÆ'-97,5968 = 130,1 MPa. This is way lower than the ultimate stress of aluminum (483 MPa). Clamping effects For the purpose of testing the wing box will be clamped at both sides as shown in figure 4. The wing box will be attacked to the test clamp structure through the use of bolts. This clamping has an effect on the overall loads experienced by the wing box structure (Yan, 1999) showing that the clamping the wing box helps the wing box experience lower loads. These clamping effects have been taken into account when considering maximum load calculations, through the form of change in KC. By selecting the appropriate KC for application, in this case a two side hinged and two side clamped, KC line 5 (Brà ¼gemann et al 2010, p28), clamping effects can be taken into account on the loads and further calculations, to accurately predict failure. Figure 4, showing a clamped wing box during testing Production plan Construction activities Weight estimates Knowing the weight estimate for an aircraft component is crucial in the design process since weight plays a crucial role in terms aircraft performance, mainly fuel consumption, range, endurance, load capacity and speed. A light but robust wing box is designed to withstand the maximum wing load. It is important that estimation of the weight of the wing box is accurate. According to design plans, the wing box consists of a total of 11 stringers, 12 stiffeners and 753 rivets. Since the wing box is shaped as a trapezoid, the stringers will have different lengths and therefore need to be calculated accordingly. Taking into account the geometrical property of a trapezoid, it can be deduced that the average length of the stringers can be found by summing the longest and shortest stringers and dividing it by two. Now knowing the shape of the stringer, we can estimate its weight by using the average length, width of 20mm and thickness 3mm(considering a à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ´ shaped stringers as a bar when folded). Since the stiffeners have same lengths, weight is relatively easy to calculate. To find the net gain/loss of the rivets and holes, we need to deduct the weight of sheet metal when drilled away for rivets and add the weight of rivets. And finally the weight of the sheet metal will be calculated. Cost estimates To have an accurate estimation of the wing box structure, three things need to be taken into account, how much aluminum was used in the metal plating, the price of stringers/stiffeners and how many rivets are used. Also, we need a small surplus of rivets in order to buffer the human error involved during the manufacturing procedure. In the wing box, 1,65m2 of aluminum sheet metal is needed, however, the metal sheet needs to be big enough so that the 2D design of wing box can be cut out. Therefore the appropriate sheet metal has the dimension of 2,5m X 1,25m and costs 53,19 euros (Metals4U). In the construction of a wing box, a total of 17029,5mm of stringer/stiffener was used. The price of 5000mm of stringer/stiffener is 12,57 euros (Metals4U). Because it is not possible to purchase less than 5000 mm of stringer/stiffener, four 5000mm stringer/stiffener needs to be purchased. This will in total cost 50,26 euros. 753 rivets are needed for the wing box. Because it is only possible to purchase rivets in bulk, 800 rivets will be bought for both practical reasons and as a buffer. One hundred 3mm diameter rivets cost 4,43 euros per 100 rivets (Rivets Aluminium 4.0 x 10 5985). For 800 rivets, the cost will be 35,44 euros. Excluding manual labor wages for the students, the total cost for manufacturing the groups wing box is 138,89 euros. Conclusion This report has discussed the design of a wing box. The objective of this report was to design a wing box that is able to withstand a tip load of 2,5kN without buckling, a tip load of 5,0kN without failure (buckling is allowed), with at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin. The design has to be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. From our calculations it was concluded that the final wing box will have 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate and 2 spar webs. The construction will be done through riveting, with a rivet spacing of 30mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. By calculating the weight of each individual part and adding them up altogether, the weight of the wing box could be calculated. The weight estimation showed a total weight of 5,98 kg. In a similar way, the cost estimation was done, showing a total cost of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 138,89 A production plan has been produced describing the list of activities to be performed by a team of 11 people. Bibliography Brugemann et all, V. (2010). AE1200 Project Manual Design and Construction. Delft. Loughlan, J. (1996, May). The buckling of composite stiffened box sections subjected to compression and bending. Elsevier, 35(1), 101-116. Lynch, C. (2004, October). The computational post buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in compression. Elsevier, 42(10), 1446-1464. Nagendra. (1994). Buckling and failure characteristics of compression-loaded stiffened composite panels with a hole. Elsevier, 28(1), 1-17. Wright, J., Cooper, J. (2007). Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and loads. John Wiley and Sons. List of figures Figure 4 Van den Bos, 2010, Tips and tricks for modelling a wing box